OK, I got how to do it manually, maybe someone else needs this:
With cursor anywhere on the sheet and the first tab selected (General or whatever; I have a non-English version of Excel), use the Find and Select button to unfold the submenu and click Formulas. This will select all formulas on the active sheet. Now you can press Ctrl+H to call the Find and Replace dialog and type in the original and replacement substrings and go from there. For whatever reason, this doesn't work if you simply run Ctrl+H without first selecting the formulas.
The VBA sample to handle such functionality is still welcome.
Thanks for staying with me on this.
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